ERDC/CHL CHETN-III-66
June 2003
Originally constructed with stone armor, the outer portions of the breakwaters were later armored
with various configurations of dolosse, tribar, and tetrapod concrete armor units. Included were 6-,
20- and 30-ton dolos, 6.5-, 9-, 11-, 19-, 35- and 50-ton tribars, and 33-ton tetrapods. Concrete rib
caps also have been installed to provide buttressing for the armor and access along the structure
alignments. The breakwaters have crest elevations of about +4.87 m (+16 ft). Typically, side slopes
along the sea sides and the breakwater heads are 1V:3H, and slopes on the harbor side of the
structures are 1V:2H. The heads of both the east and west breakwaters (Figure 3) comprise
27,215.54-kg (30-ton) dolosse, 45,359.24-kg (50-ton) tribars, and 29,937.1-kg (33-ton) tetrapods.
The sea-side slope of the east
breakwater contains 5,443.10- and
18,143.69-kg (6- and 20-ton)
dolosse and 31,751.47-kg (35-ton)
tribars, and the sea-side slope of the
west breakwater contains 18,143.69-
kg (20-ton) dolosse as well as
9,979.03-,
17,236.57-,
and
31,751.47-kg (11-, 19- and 35-ton)
tribars. The 8,164.66-kg (9-ton)
tribars were used to repair a portion
of the harbor-side slope of the east
breakwater and the 5,896.70-kg (6.5-
ton) tribars were placed in an area on
the harbor-side slope of the west
structure.
Figure 3. Head of Kahului west breakwater
During the initial photogrammetric survey of August 1993, selected armor units (5,443.10- and
27,215.54-kg (6- and 30-ton) dolos and 5,896.70-, 8,164.66-, 9,979.03-, and 31,751.47-kg (6.5-, 9-,
11-, and 35-ton) tribars) were targeted (three targets each) and precise positions of these units were
obtained. Centroid data positions and orientations of the targeted armor units relative to the x, y, and
z axes were obtained as well. Documentation of broken/cracked armor units by foot was not
conducted as part of the periodic inspection in 1993.
The August 2001 photogrammetric survey indicated close agreement between positions of the
concrete armor units relative to the 1993 survey for most of the targets. For the east breakwater,
maximum movements of the targets established on the concrete armor units in the horizontal and
vertical directions, respectively, were 0.94 m (3.1 ft) and 1.52 m (5.0 ft); however this level of
difference occurred for only one target for the horizontal and one target in the vertical position. Both
these targets were on units situated around the seaward head of the structure. The average move-
ments of all horizontal and vertical targets on the east breakwater were 0.15 and 0.16 m (0.51 and
0.54 ft), respectively. Maximum movements of the targeted armor unit centroids on the east
breakwater were 0.54 and 0.67 m (1.8 and 2.2 ft) in the horizontal and vertical directions,
respectively, while average movements were 0.12 and 0.17 m (0.39 ft and 0.57 ft) in the horizontal
and vertical directions. For the east breakwater, changes in the rotation angle of the armor units
varied from 0.03 to 24.57 deg with an average of 3.09 deg. For the west breakwater, maximum
movements of the targets in the horizontal and vertical directions were 0.13 and 0.11 m (3.8 and
1.9 ft), respectively; however, this level of difference occurred on only one armor unit. The average
movements of all horizontal and vertical targets, respectively, were 0.11 and 0.06 m (0.42 and
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