the bulkhead; while drain holes
in the bulkhead, backed by filter material,
will allow drainage through the
structure itself.
Increasing the penetra-
tion of sheet-piling, adding a
cutoff wall, and using an apron of filter
material can reduce or eliminate
the scouring effects of flow under the bulk-
head.
7. The bulkhead must be safe against failure due to flanking. The ends must
be tied to adjacent structures or turned back into the shore or upland.
MATERIAL SELECTION
FOR BULKHEADS:
1 . Sheet-pile bulkheads require pile drivers for construction and may re-
quire pile removal equipment for repair.
Access to the construction site
must be available for such equipment.
Installation of steel and concrete
sheet-piles involves skilled labor, high material and fabrication costs,
and heavier construction equipment than used for timber sheet-piles.
2.
Pretreatment to retard deterioration is always required for timber and
In additlon,
may be required for saltwater uses of steel and aluminum.
maintenance is necessary to control the rotting and splintering of wood,
Timber structures
the corrosion of metals, and the spalling of concrete.
often can be repaired by bolting new members over broken ones or in place
of damaged sections,
but damaged components of steel, aluminum, and con-
crete structures must be entirely replaced.
REFERENCES:
U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER,
3d ed. , Vols. I, II, and III, Stock No. 008-022-00113-1,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1977, 1,262 pp.
U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER,
"Seawalls - Their Applications and Limitations," CETN-111-8, Fort Belvoir,
VA., 1981.
U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, "Retaining Walls,"
and
EM 1110-2-2502, Washington, D.C. (revision in
preparation, 1981).
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